{"id":7608,"date":"2026-03-24T19:46:27","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T19:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/payout-threshold\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T19:46:27","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T19:46:27","slug":"payout-threshold","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/payout-threshold\/","title":{"rendered":"Payout Threshold: What It Is, Key Features, Benefits, Use Cases, and How It Fits in Affiliate Marketing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the minimum amount of earned commission (or rewards) that must accumulate before a program issues a payment. In Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong>, it acts as a control point that shapes partner experience, cash flow, fraud prevention, and the operational cost of paying many recipients. In Affiliate Marketing<\/strong>, the Payout Threshold<\/strong> is one of the clearest \u201crules of the game\u201d: it determines how quickly affiliates get paid and how often small publishers, creators, and niche partners see earnings turn into real revenue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why it matters now: modern Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> strategies increasingly blend performance partnerships, referral loops, loyalty incentives, and lifecycle messaging. The Payout Threshold<\/strong> influences whether partners stay engaged, how hard they push campaigns, and how efficiently a brand can scale Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> without drowning in payment overhead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Is Payout Threshold?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the program-defined minimum payable balance required to trigger a payout to a partner (affiliate, creator, referrer, or publisher). If an affiliate has earned $37 in approved commissions and the Payout Threshold<\/strong> is $50, they won\u2019t receive a payout until their approved balance reaches $50 (or more).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At its core, the concept balances three business realities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Transaction cost vs. payment frequency<\/strong> (processing fees, finance workload, and reconciliation)<\/li>\n
  • Risk management<\/strong> (chargebacks, cancellations, and fraud checks before money leaves the business)<\/li>\n
  • Partner motivation<\/strong> (how fast partners feel rewarded for their effort)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    In Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong>, the Payout Threshold<\/strong> sits at the intersection of performance incentives and operational discipline. It\u2019s closely tied to partner retention (keeping affiliates active), lifecycle communications (status updates, reminders, and nudges), and program economics (unit margins and finance controls). Within Affiliate Marketing<\/strong>, it is a foundational policy that affects partner satisfaction and the perceived fairness of the program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Why Payout Threshold Matters in Direct & Retention Marketing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    A Payout Threshold<\/strong> is more than a finance setting; it\u2019s a strategic lever with measurable marketing outcomes. In Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong>, where sustained engagement is the goal, payout policies can either build trust or create friction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Key impacts include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Partner retention and loyalty:<\/strong> Affiliates who receive timely payouts are more likely to continue promoting and prioritize your offers. A too-high Payout Threshold<\/strong> can stall momentum for smaller partners.<\/li>\n
    • Campaign velocity:<\/strong> If partners expect long waits to reach the threshold, they may reduce promotion frequency, weakening your lifecycle and retention-driven growth efforts.<\/li>\n
    • Operational efficiency:<\/strong> Lowering payment volume reduces accounting, reconciliation, support tickets, and payment processing costs\u2014especially important as Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> programs scale.<\/li>\n
    • Risk containment:<\/strong> Thresholds work alongside validation windows to limit losses from refunds, invalid traffic, and fraudulent conversions.<\/li>\n
    • Competitive positioning:<\/strong> Many affiliates compare programs by payout reliability and accessibility. A sensible Payout Threshold<\/strong> can be a competitive advantage in crowded niches.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      How Payout Threshold Works<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      In practice, Payout Threshold<\/strong> behavior is governed by how earnings move from \u201ctracked\u201d to \u201cpayable,\u201d and when a payment run occurs. A realistic workflow looks like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. \n

        Input \/ Trigger: conversions and earnings accrue<\/strong>\n Clicks, leads, or sales are tracked and attributed to an affiliate. Commissions are calculated based on your program rules (rate, tier, product exclusions, bonuses).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      2. \n

        Processing: validation and approval<\/strong>\n Earnings often sit in a pending state until return windows, fraud checks, or lead-quality verification completes. Only approved<\/strong> earnings count toward meeting the Payout Threshold<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      3. \n

        Execution: threshold check + payout cycle<\/strong>\n On each payout cycle (for example, monthly), the system checks whether the affiliate\u2019s approved balance meets the Payout Threshold<\/strong>. If it does, payment is queued; if not, the balance rolls forward.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      4. \n

        Output: payout issued and balance reset (or reduced)<\/strong>\n The affiliate receives payment via the supported method(s). The payable balance is reduced by the payout amount, while any remaining approved amount stays to count toward the next threshold event.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        This is why two programs can have the same commission rate but very different partner experiences: a strict approval process plus a high Payout Threshold<\/strong> can significantly delay real cash to affiliates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Key Components of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        A strong Payout Threshold<\/strong> setup relies on coordinated systems and governance across marketing, finance, and operations\u2014especially in Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> environments where ongoing relationships matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Key components include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Program policy definition:<\/strong> threshold amount, currency handling, minimum payout rules by region, and exceptions for VIP partners.<\/li>\n
        • Attribution and commission logic:<\/strong> how conversions are credited, what qualifies, and how adjustments occur after returns or cancellations.<\/li>\n
        • Approval and hold rules:<\/strong> validation windows, anti-fraud checks, lead qualification, and chargeback handling.<\/li>\n
        • Payment operations:<\/strong> payout schedules, payment methods, fees, and remittance documentation.<\/li>\n
        • Partner communications:<\/strong> lifecycle messaging that explains earnings status, approvals, and how close affiliates are to the Payout Threshold<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
        • Support and dispute process:<\/strong> handling missing payments, reversals, and partner questions with clear audit trails.<\/li>\n
        • Reporting and controls:<\/strong> dashboards for payable balances, aging liabilities, and exception monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Types of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          \u201cTypes\u201d of Payout Threshold<\/strong> usually appear as practical program variations rather than formal categories. Common distinctions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1) Fixed threshold<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          A single amount (e.g., $50) applies to most partners. This is simplest to explain and administer in Affiliate Marketing<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          2) Tiered threshold (by partner level)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Different thresholds apply based on affiliate tier, performance, or partnership status. For example, trusted or high-volume partners may have a lower threshold to improve cash flow and retention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          3) Method-based threshold<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Threshold varies by payment method due to processing fees or risk (for example, higher minimums for certain cross-border transfers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          4) Region- or currency-based threshold<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Thresholds are set per currency to reflect typical order values, fee structures, or local payout constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          5) Threshold plus rolling reserve<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          A program can combine a Payout Threshold<\/strong> with a reserve policy (holding back a percentage for a period) to manage refunds and fraud risk\u2014often relevant for high-risk verticals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Real-World Examples of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          Example 1: Subscription brand optimizing partner retention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          A subscription service running Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> to support its Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> flywheel sets a Payout Threshold<\/strong> of $25 to keep small creators engaged. Because cancellations can happen early, the program also uses a defined approval window before commissions become payable. Result: partners get paid frequently enough to stay motivated, while the brand limits refund-related clawbacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Example 2: E-commerce program balancing cost and payout volume<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          A mid-market retailer with thousands of affiliates sets a Payout Threshold<\/strong> at $100 to reduce payment transactions and finance overhead. To protect partner experience, they add clear dashboard messaging (\u201c$18 to next payout\u201d) and send monthly lifecycle emails. This aligns the operational reality with Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> expectations around transparency and trust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Example 3: B2B lead-gen with quality checks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          A B2B SaaS program pays for qualified leads, not just form fills. The Payout Threshold<\/strong> is $200 because lead validation is manual and payout amounts are larger. The program clearly defines \u201cqualified,\u201d publishes approval timelines, and provides dispute channels. Here, the threshold supports operational feasibility while keeping Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> partners aligned with lead quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Benefits of Using Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          When designed thoughtfully, a Payout Threshold<\/strong> improves both economics and experience:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Lower processing and admin costs:<\/strong> fewer micro-payments reduce transaction fees and reconciliation workload.<\/li>\n
          • Reduced fraud exposure:<\/strong> delaying payouts until meaningful balances accrue can help catch suspicious patterns before money leaves the business.<\/li>\n
          • More predictable cash flow:<\/strong> finance teams can better manage payout liabilities and timing, especially in seasonal Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> cycles.<\/li>\n
          • Clearer program governance:<\/strong> a defined threshold forces clarity on payable states, approval rules, and exception handling.<\/li>\n
          • Better partner communications:<\/strong> status-to-threshold messaging can become a retention tactic, nudging affiliates to stay active and reach the next payout.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Challenges of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            A Payout Threshold<\/strong> can also create friction if it\u2019s misaligned with your market or audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Common challenges include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • Partner drop-off:<\/strong> new or small affiliates may disengage if it takes too long to reach the threshold, weakening Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> growth.<\/li>\n
            • Perceived unfairness:<\/strong> affiliates may interpret a high Payout Threshold<\/strong> as the brand \u201cwithholding\u201d earnings, even when it\u2019s operationally justified.<\/li>\n
            • Support volume:<\/strong> unclear rules generate tickets about missing payouts, approval timing, and balance calculations.<\/li>\n
            • Complexity across regions:<\/strong> currencies, tax documentation, and payment rails can make a single global threshold impractical.<\/li>\n
            • Measurement confusion:<\/strong> teams may mix up \u201cearned,\u201d \u201capproved,\u201d and \u201cpaid,\u201d leading to incorrect reporting in Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> dashboards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Best Practices for Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              Use these best practices to make Payout Threshold<\/strong> a growth enabler rather than a constraint:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              1. \n

                Set the threshold based on real economics, not guesses<\/strong>\n Model payment fees, finance time, average commission per conversion, and partner distribution (how many affiliates earn small amounts).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              2. \n

                Match threshold to your partner mix<\/strong>\n Creator-heavy programs often benefit from lower thresholds; enterprise partner programs can sustain higher thresholds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              3. \n

                Separate \u201capproval window\u201d from the threshold<\/strong>\n Be explicit: approvals protect against returns\/fraud; the Payout Threshold<\/strong> manages payout frequency. Don\u2019t let affiliates assume one is secretly the other.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              4. \n

                Make progress visible<\/strong>\n In dashboards and lifecycle emails, show: approved balance, amount remaining to hit the Payout Threshold<\/strong>, and next payout date.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              5. \n

                Offer tiered exceptions for trusted partners<\/strong>\n Lower thresholds for top performers can improve retention and output without increasing risk proportionally.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              6. \n

                Review quarterly (or after major changes)<\/strong>\n Revisit thresholds when you change commission rates, introduce new products, expand internationally, or see shifts in refund rates.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              7. \n

                Document reversals and adjustments clearly<\/strong>\n A transparent adjustment policy prevents disputes and protects the brand in Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> relationships.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                Tools Used for Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Managing Payout Threshold<\/strong> well typically requires a stack that connects performance tracking with finance-grade payout operations\u2014especially in scaled Affiliate Marketing<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Common tool categories include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Affiliate tracking platforms \/ partner portals:<\/strong> track conversions, commission states (pending\/approved), and threshold progress.<\/li>\n
                • Analytics tools:<\/strong> cohort analysis, partner segmentation, and anomaly detection for fraud or abnormal conversion rates.<\/li>\n
                • CRM systems:<\/strong> store partner profiles, tier status, communications history, and escalation notes\u2014useful for Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> partner lifecycle management.<\/li>\n
                • Marketing automation tools:<\/strong> trigger emails or messages when affiliates are close to the Payout Threshold<\/strong>, when approvals complete, or when payouts are sent.<\/li>\n
                • Payment processing and payout systems:<\/strong> handle mass payouts, remittance records, and fee management across regions.<\/li>\n
                • Reporting dashboards \/ BI:<\/strong> unify payable liabilities, aging balances, and payout performance for finance and marketing stakeholders.<\/li>\n
                • Governance and ticketing workflows:<\/strong> document disputes, approvals, and compliance tasks (tax forms, identity checks where required).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Metrics Related to Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                  To evaluate whether your Payout Threshold<\/strong> is helping or hurting performance, monitor metrics that connect partner experience to program economics:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • Time to first payout:<\/strong> how long it takes a new affiliate to receive money (a major retention indicator).<\/li>\n
                  • Payout frequency distribution:<\/strong> percentage of affiliates paid monthly vs. quarterly; identifies whether the threshold is too high for your long tail.<\/li>\n
                  • Approved-to-paid lag:<\/strong> time between approval and payment; helps isolate whether delays come from validation rules or payout scheduling.<\/li>\n
                  • Active affiliate rate:<\/strong> share of affiliates generating clicks\/conversions each period; can drop when the Payout Threshold<\/strong> is discouraging.<\/li>\n
                  • Earnings breakage \/ dormant balances:<\/strong> total approved balances sitting below threshold for long periods (a signal of partner friction).<\/li>\n
                  • Refund and chargeback rate:<\/strong> informs how aggressive you can be with lower thresholds without increasing financial risk.<\/li>\n
                  • Cost per payout transaction:<\/strong> fees plus internal handling cost; use this to rationally set thresholds.<\/li>\n
                  • Incremental revenue per paid affiliate:<\/strong> ties payments to real business impact, aligning Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> outcomes with finance realities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    Future Trends of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                    Several trends are reshaping how Payout Threshold<\/strong> is set and communicated within Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • AI-assisted risk scoring:<\/strong> more programs will dynamically adjust approval intensity (and potentially thresholds) based on traffic quality and partner trust.<\/li>\n
                    • Greater payout transparency:<\/strong> affiliates increasingly expect real-time status, clearer reasons for reversals, and predictable timelines.<\/li>\n
                    • Personalized partner experiences:<\/strong> thresholds may become more tiered, reflecting partner value, content quality, and historical performance.<\/li>\n
                    • Privacy and measurement shifts:<\/strong> as tracking becomes harder, programs may rely more on first-party data and modeled attribution\u2014raising the importance of strong governance before commissions become payable.<\/li>\n
                    • Faster payment expectations:<\/strong> creators and small publishers often prefer more frequent payouts, pushing Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> programs to optimize fees and automation rather than relying on high thresholds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                      Payout Threshold vs Related Terms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                      Understanding adjacent concepts prevents misconfiguration and miscommunication:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Payout Threshold vs Minimum payout<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                      They\u2019re often used interchangeably. In practice, Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the rule that determines when earnings become payable; \u201cminimum payout\u201d is the partner-facing expression of that rule. Both should map to the same value and logic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Payout Threshold vs Payment schedule (payment cadence)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                      Payment schedule is when<\/em> payouts are processed (e.g., monthly on the 15th). Payout Threshold<\/strong> is whether<\/em> a partner is eligible to be paid during that run. You can have a monthly schedule and still pay some partners infrequently if they don\u2019t reach the threshold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Payout Threshold vs Commission approval\/hold period<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                      The hold period is the time before earnings move from pending to approved (often to account for returns and fraud checks). The Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the minimum approved balance required to trigger payment. Mixing these up is a common source of affiliate frustration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Who Should Learn Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • Marketers:<\/strong> to design Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> programs that retain partners and support Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> goals without creating payout friction.<\/li>\n
                      • Analysts:<\/strong> to model payout liability, time-to-payout, and the relationship between threshold policies and partner performance.<\/li>\n
                      • Agencies:<\/strong> to advise clients on program competitiveness, partner onboarding, and operational scalability.<\/li>\n
                      • Business owners and founders:<\/strong> to balance cash flow, risk, and growth when partnerships become a major acquisition and retention channel.<\/li>\n
                      • Developers and ops teams:<\/strong> to implement correct states (pending\/approved\/paid), audit trails, and payout automation that matches policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                        Summary of Payout Threshold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                        A Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the minimum approved commission balance required before a partner gets paid. It matters because it directly affects partner motivation, payout costs, fraud exposure, and program scalability. In Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong>, it influences long-term partner relationships and the trust built through transparent lifecycle communication. In Affiliate Marketing<\/strong>, it is a core policy that can either accelerate growth through better retention or suppress performance if it\u2019s set without regard to partner behavior and economics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                        1) What is a Payout Threshold and why do programs use it?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        A Payout Threshold<\/strong> is the minimum approved earnings needed before a payout is issued. Programs use it to reduce payment processing costs, manage operational workload, and limit risk from refunds or fraud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        2) How do I choose the right Payout Threshold amount?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        Base it on payment fees, internal handling cost, average commission size, refund risk, and partner distribution. Then validate with metrics like time to first payout and dormant balances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        3) Does a higher Payout Threshold always save money?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        Not always. It can reduce transaction fees, but it may also reduce partner activity and revenue if smaller affiliates disengage\u2014especially in creator-heavy Affiliate Marketing<\/strong> programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        4) How does the Payout Threshold affect Direct & Retention Marketing performance?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        It influences partner retention, trust, and campaign consistency. Transparent threshold progress and predictable payouts support long-term relationships that strengthen Direct & Retention Marketing<\/strong> outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        5) In Affiliate Marketing, what\u2019s the difference between \u201cpending\u201d and \u201capproved\u201d earnings?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        Pending earnings are tracked but not yet validated (returns, fraud checks, lead quality). Approved earnings are eligible to count toward the Payout Threshold<\/strong> and can be paid on the next payout cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        6) Can programs have different payout thresholds for different affiliates?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        Yes. Tiered thresholds can reward trusted partners with faster payouts while keeping higher thresholds for new or higher-risk partners, balancing experience and risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        7) What should affiliates do if they\u2019re stuck below the threshold for months?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                        They should review which earnings are approved vs pending, confirm payment details are complete, and consider focusing on higher-converting offers. Programs should also monitor long-tail dormant balances and adjust communications or thresholds if necessary.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                        A **Payout Threshold** is the minimum amount of earned commission (or rewards) that must accumulate before a program issues a payment. In **Direct & Retention Marketing**, it acts as a control point that shapes partner experience, cash flow, fraud prevention, and the operational cost of paying many recipients. In **Affiliate Marketing**, the **Payout Threshold** is one of the clearest \u201crules of the game\u201d: it determines how quickly affiliates get paid and how often small publishers, creators, and niche partners see earnings turn into real revenue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10235,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1892],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-affiliate-marketing"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7608","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10235"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7608"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7608\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7608"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7608"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wizbrand.com\/tutorials\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}